Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Kecelakaan Kendaraan Otonom dalam Era Disrupsi Teknologi: Studi Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia, Inggris dan Jerman

Authors

  • Sigit Eko Prabowo Universitas Muria Kudus
  • Wuri Widyasti Universitas Muria Kudus

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31933/ejpp.v6i2.1429

Keywords:

Kendaraan Otonom, Kecerdasan Buatan, Pertanggungjawaban Pidana, Hukum Pidana Indonesia

Abstract

Perkembangan kecerdasan buatan (Artificial Intelligence/AI) telah melahirkan kendaraan otonom yang mampu beroperasi tanpa kendali langsung manusia. Kemajuan teknologi ini membawa implikasi serius terhadap sistem hukum pidana, khususnya terkait penentuan pertanggungjawaban pidana ketika terjadi kecelakaan akibat kegagalan sistem teknologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dilema pertanggungjawaban pidana kecelakaan kendaraan otonom dalam perspektif hukum pidana Indonesia melalui pendekatan komparatif dengan sistem hukum Inggris dan Jerman. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hukum pidana Indonesia masih berorientasi pada paradigma anthropocentric liability yang menempatkan manusia sebagai subjek utama pertanggungjawaban pidana. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan kekosongan hukum ketika kecelakaan disebabkan oleh keputusan mandiri sistem AI. Negara-negara lain telah mengembangkan model pertanggungjawaban berbasis strict liability, product liability, dan corporate liability untuk menjawab persoalan tersebut. Indonesia perlu melakukan pembaruan hukum pidana dengan membentuk regulasi khusus kendaraan otonom, mengembangkan sistem pertanggungjawaban berbasis risiko, memperluas konsep pertanggungjawaban korporasi, dan membangun mekanisme audit algoritma sebagai instrumen pembuktian pidana.

 

 

References

Abdelkarim, M., & Maher, M. Y. B. M. B. (2025). The Implications Of Artificial Intelligence On Criminal Liability In Contemporary Criminal Thought. Lexlocalis-Journal Oflocal Self-Government, 23(8). https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.52152/c5ezx693

Agung, A., Laksmi, S., Suwantara, P., Hukum, F., & Warmadewa, U. (2023). Kekuatan Alat Bukti Dalam Pembuktian Tindak Pidana. 4(2), 184–189. https://doi.org/DOI:https://doi.org/10.55637/jkh.4.2.6798.184-189

Ar, A. M., Wirda, Rusbandi, A. S. M. Z., Bahri, S., & Fajri, D. (2024). Peran Niat (Mens rea) dalam Pertanggungjawaban Pidana di Indonesia. IMMI: Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Multidisiplin, 1(3), 240–252. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.71153/jimmi.v1i3.140

Barfield, W., & Pagallo, U. (2020). Law and Artificial Intelligence. Edward Elgar Publishing.

Calo, R. (2015). Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw. California Law Review, 103(3), 529–531.

Carabantes, M. (2020). Black-box artificial intelligence: an epistemological and critical analysis. Journal Ai & Society, 35(2), 309–317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/S00146-019-00888-W

Channon, M. (2019). Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 : An Evaluation in light of Proactive Law and Regulatory Disconnect. 10(2).

Corrales, M., Fenwick, M., & Forgó., N. (2017). Disruptive Technologies Shaping the Law of the Future. Journal New Technology, Big Data and the Law,. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5038-1_1

Crepax, T., Gaur, M., & Lazarotto, B. da R. (2024). Measuring data access and re-use in the European Legal Framework for Data , from the General Data Protection Regulation ( GDPR ) law to the Proposed Data Act : the case of vehicle data [ version 1 ; peer review : 1 approved , 3 approved with reservations. Journal Open Research Europe, 3(192), 1–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16468.1

Disemadi, H. S. (2021). Urgensi Regulasi Khusus dan Pemanfaatan Artificial Intelligence dalam Mewujudkan Perlindungan Data Pribadi di Indonesia. Wawasan Yuridika, 5(36), 177–199. https://doi.org/10.25072/jwy.v5i2.460

Fridawati, T., Gunawan, K., Andika, R., Rafi, M., Ramadhan, R., & Isan, M. (2024). Perkembangan Teori Pertanggungjawaban Pidana di Indonesia : Kajian Pustaka terhadap Literatur Hukum Pidana. 1(3), 317–328. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.71153/jimmi.v1i3.149

German Road Traffic Act (2017).

Hallevy, G. (2015). Liability for Crimes Involving Artificial Intelligence Systems. Springer. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-10124-8

Hendra, D., Afrita, I., & Putra, T. A. (2025). Kewenangan penentuan status gangguan jiwa pada pelaku tindak pidana dalam proses penyidikan 1,2,3. Collegium Stadiosum Journal, 8(2), 534–548.

Hildebrandt, M. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and the Rule of Law. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 376, 3–5.

Hue, H. (2022). Liability for Autonomous Vehicle Accidents. In L. A. DiMatteo, C. Poncibò, & M. Cannarsa (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Artificial Intelligence Global Perspectives on Law and Ethics (pp. 163–178). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009072168.018

Juniarso, D., Abdillah, J., Pertiba, U., Kunci, K., & Norma, K. (2026). Reformasi Kebijakan Pidana Nasional Terhadap Kejahatan Siber Berbasis Ai Melalui Pendekatan Hukum Progresif. Jurnal Impresi Indonesia ( JII ), 5(1), 77–88.

Kochashvili, K. (2023). Liability without Fault – an Exception to the General Rule of Private Law. Journal Of Law, (2), 58–74. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.60131/jlaw.2.2023.7695

Li, Z. (2023). Analysis of Autonomous Vehicle Control Algorithm Based on Different Models. Journal Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology, 76, 391–398. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.54097/gnx43x68

Maduranga, P. (2022). Kepastian hukum terhadap mobil berteknologi auto pilot ditinjau dari perspektif hukum lalu lintas jalan di indonesia. Bureaucracy Journal : Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance, 2(2), 794–805. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.53363/bureau.v2i2.108

Mulyati, N., Santoso, T., & Daniel, E. (2017). A Philosophical Analysis To Uncover The Meaning And Terminology Of Person In Indonesian Criminal Law Context. Nagari Law Review (NALREV), 1(1). https://doi.org/DOI: 10.25077/nalrev.v.1.i.1.p.56-73.2017

Noviati, N. D., Putra, F. E., Sadan, S., Ahsanitaqwim, R., & Santoso, N. P. L. (2024). Artificial Intelligence in Autonomous Vehicles: Current Innovations and Future Trends. International Journal Of Cyber And It, 4(2). https://doi.org/http://DOI: 10.34306/ijcitsm.v4i2.161

Pagallo, U. (2013). The Laws of Robots: Crimes, Contracts, and Torts. Springer. https://doi.org/DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6564-1

Retnowinarni, R. (2019). Pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap korporasi di indonesia. Jurnal Perspektif Hukum, 1(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.30649/ph.v19i1.161

Saud, A. (2024). Criminal Liability about the Use of Artificial Intelligence: Investigating the Actus Reus Element of AI-driven Technology. American Journal of Law, 6(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/DOI:10.47672/ajl.1648

Scherer, M. U. (2016a). Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies. Harvard Journal Of Law & Technology, 29(2), 354–398. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2609777

Scherer, M. U. (2016b). Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Competencies, and Strategies. Harvard Journal of Law & Technology, 29(2), 362–365.

Setiawan, A. A., & Fadlia, D. (2026). Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Penggunaan Mobil Otonom : Studi Komparatif Indonesia Dan Jerman. Jurnal of Law and Society, 1(1), 37–58.

Shahzad, K. (2016). Cloud Robotics and Autonomous Vehicles. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5772/64064

Shestak, V., & Shiryaev, A. (2020). Criminal Liability for Accidents Involving Self-Driving Cars: The German Experience. Technology of the XXI Century in Jurisprudence: Materials of The Second International Scientific-Practical Conference, 1–12. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.3613638

Smith, B. W. (2017). Automated Driving and Product Liability. Michigan State Law Review, 2017(1), 12–15.

Sriwidodo, J., & Tumanggor, M. S. (2024). Regulation of Corporate Criminal Liability According To Law Number 1 Year 2023 On The Criminal Code. Jurnal KRTHA BHAYANGKARA, 18(1), 197–214. https://doi.org/10.32501/jhmb.v3i2.80

Sulaiman, R. B. (2023). Indonesia Criminal Law Review Restorative Justice : Implementasi Kebijakan. 2(1).

Suteki, & Taufani, G. (2018). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum: Filsafat, Teori dan Praktil. Raja Grafindo Persada.

TaylorWessing (2026). https://www.taylorwessing.com/en/insights-and-events/insights/2026/02/legal-frameworks-for-autonomous-driving-and-teledriving

Yuflikhati, N. L., Rindiani, Zaki, A., Susilowati, N., & Fahrezy, A. H. (2025). Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Dalam Perspektif Hukum Perdata dan Hukum Pidana Studi Kasus Putusan No. 28/Pdt.G/2024/PN Tmg & 113/Pid.Sus/2023/PN Tmg. Jurnal ISO: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial, Politik Dan Humaniora, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.53697/iso.v5i1.2181

Zaidir, L. (2026). Penyimpangan Artificial Intelligence Dan Kekosongan Regulasi Mengenai Tantangan Hukum Di Era Revolusi Digital 5.0. Jurnal Hukum Dan Konstitusi (JIC), 2(2), 51–64. https://doi.org/DOI: https://doi.org/10.64272/1zgstn09

Downloads

Published

2026-06-03

How to Cite

Prabowo, S. E., & Widyasti, W. (2026). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana terhadap Kecelakaan Kendaraan Otonom dalam Era Disrupsi Teknologi: Studi Perbandingan Hukum Indonesia, Inggris dan Jerman. Ekasakti Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengabdian, 6(2), 284–302. https://doi.org/10.31933/ejpp.v6i2.1429